Sand is sprinkled onto a circular or square thin metal plate, which is then stroked along the edge using a violin bow. The sand moves to nodal lines of the standing wave pattern. Stroking at one point while holding your finger at another point to forces a node at that point, if desired, creating a variety of standing wave patterns.
A nice article describing the Chladni plates at the Whipple Collection wil be found by clicking http://www.hps.cam.ac.uk/whipple/explore/acoustics/ernstchladni/chladniplates/.