I4 Changes of State

This section presents demonstrations of phase transitions and the various sates of matter, including some intriguing mechanical effects of thermal transitions.

Articles
Image	Title
	I4-01: PVT PHASE DIAGRAMS FOR CO2 AND H2O Three-dimensional PVT phase diagram models.
	I4-02: PVT SURFACE - TRANSPARENT Illustrate aspects of phase transitions.
	I4-03: LATENT HEAT - ICE TO WATER TO STEAM Show latent heat as ice is transformed to water and then to steam.
	I4-11: BOILING AT REDUCED PRESSURE Demonstrate that water boils at a lower temperature under reduced pressure.
	I4-12: BOILING WATER BY PUMPING Demonstrate water boiling under reduced pressure.
	I4-13: CHANGE OF STATE OF LN - POPPING CAN LID Show the increase in volume which accompanies the transition from liquid to gaseous nitrogen.
	I4-14: CHANGE OF STATE WITH BANG Demonstrate that the volume of a gas is much greater than the volume of the same amount of liquid.
	I4-15 CONDENSATION OF STEAM - GALLON CAN COLLAPSE Illustrates forces produced by the pressure drop when steam condenses into water
	I4-16: DRINKING BIRD Stimulate thought about heat exchange and liquid-vapor phase transitions.
	I4-17: AIR BALLOON ON LIQUID NITROGEN Demonstrate dramatically that the volume of vapor is greater than the volume of the same amount of liquid.
	I4-18: PULSE GLASS Illustrate change of phase between liquid and vapor in an confined fluid.
	I4-19: CONDENSATION OF STEAM - SODA CAN COLLAPSE Surprising demonstration using condensation of steam.
	I4-31 ICE BOMB Demonstrates forces created by freezing water
	I4-32: FREEZING WATER BY PUMPING Freeze water by reducing the ambient pressure.
	I4-33: CRYOPHORUS Illustrate freezing caused by cooling by evaporation.
	I4-34: HAND WARMER Demonstrate the heat of fusion.
	I4-35: LOWERING THE FREEZING POINT OF WATER USING SALT Demonstrate that the freezing point of water can be reduced by putting ice in a salt water bath.
	I4-36: REGELATION - ICE UNDER PRESSURE Demonstrate regelation.
	I4-51: SUBLIMATION OF DRY ICE - PROJECTION Demonstrate sublimation of carbon dioxide (dry ice) from a solid into a gas.
	I4-52: CARBON DIOXIDE BALLOON ON LIQUID NITROGEN Demonstrate condensation sublimation.
	I4-61: BINARY PHASE TRANSITION - CRITICAL OPALESCENCE Show the behavior of a binary fluid as it passes through the critical temperature.