I4 Changes of State
This section presents demonstrations of phase transitions and the various sates of matter, including some intriguing mechanical effects of thermal transitions.
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I4-01: PVT PHASE DIAGRAMS FOR CO2 AND H2O
Three-dimensional PVT phase diagram models. Read More
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I4-02: PVT SURFACE - TRANSPARENT
Illustrate aspects of phase transitions. Read More
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I4-03: LATENT HEAT - ICE TO WATER TO STEAM
Illustrate aspects of phase transitions. Read More
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I4-11: BOILING AT REDUCED PRESSURE
Demonstrate that water boils at a lower temperature under reduced pressure. Read More
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I4-12: BOILING WATER BY PUMPING
Demonstrate water boiling under reduced pressure. Read More
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I4-13: CHANGE OF STATE OF LN - POPPING CAN LID
Show the increase in volume which accompanies the transition from liquid to gaseous nitrogen. Read More
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I4-14: CHANGE OF STATE WITH BANG
Show the increase in volume which accompanies the transition from liquid to gaseous nitrogen. Read More
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I4-15 CONDENSATION OF STEAM - GALLON CAN COLLAPSE
Illustrates forces produced by the pressure drop when steam condenses into water
Read More
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I4-16: DRINKING BIRD
Illustrates forces produced by the pressure drop when steam condenses into water
Read More
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I4-17: AIR BALLOON ON LIQUID NITROGEN
Demonstrate dramatically that the volume of vapor is greater than the volume of the same amount of liquid. Read More
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I4-18: PULSE GLASS
Illustrate change of phase between liquid and vapor in an confined fluid. Read More
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I4-19: CONDENSATION OF STEAM - SODA CAN COLLAPSE
Surprising demonstration using condensation of steam. Read More
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I4-31 ICE BOMB
Demonstrates forces created by freezing water
Read More
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I4-32: FREEZING WATER BY PUMPING
Freeze water by reducing the ambient pressure. Read More
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I4-33: CRYOPHORUS
Illustrate freezing caused by cooling by evaporation. Read More
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I4-34: HAND WARMER
Demonstrate the heat of fusion. Read More
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I4-35: LOWERING THE FREEZING POINT OF WATER USING SALT
Demonstrate that the freezing point of water can be reduced by putting ice in a salt water bath. Read More
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I4-36: REGELATION - ICE UNDER PRESSURE
Demonstrate regelation. Read More
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I4-51: SUBLIMATION OF DRY ICE - PROJECTION
Demonstrate sublimation of carbon dioxide (dry ice) from a solid into a gas. Read More
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I4-52: CARBON DIOXIDE BALLOON ON LIQUID NITROGEN
Demonstrate condensation sublimation. Read More
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I4-61: BINARY PHASE TRANSITION - CRITICAL OPALESCENCE
Show the behavior of a binary fluid as it passes through the critical temperature. Read More
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