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Mathematics of Probability

  • A2-51: PROBABILITY BOARD - PROJECTION

    A2-51
    To demonstrate the Gaussian distribution
    The demonstration has a large number of small ball bearings that can flow through a narrow opening and be scattered over a wider area. First, tilt device so that balls roll into top region. Then place the device on the face of overhead projector; the elevated legs give it a slope that allows the balls to roll into troughs, with approximately the characteristic Gaussian distribution.

    It can be interesting to have the class discuss how changes to the environment (tilting the projector, shaking the apparatus, etc.) can change the distribution.

    A2
  • E2-37: PLATONIC SOLIDS AND KEPLER

    E2-37
    Visualize the Platonic solids and Kepler's dream for using them to explain planetary orbits.

    There are five three-dimensional Platonic solids. The faces of a Platonic solid are identical regular polygons and all vertex angles are equal. These solids are:

    Name..........Number of faces

    Tetrahedron.......4
    Cube...................6
    Octahedron.........8
    Dodecahedron....12
    Icosahedron........20

    As illustrated in the accompanying transparency, Kepler spent most of his life assuming that planetary orbits were circular and trying to use Platonic solids to deduce their radii. Only much later, after he gave up his dream, did he discover his true laws for planetary motion. Although Kepler's original dream was a failure, much of the same mathematical/geometrical spirit prevails in our modern attempts to explain the fundamental nature of matter via symmetry, group theory, field theory, the geometry of various higher dimensional manifolds, and string theory.

    E2